Figure 1: 1st regression polynomial of body fat percentage to BMI in students

Figure 2: 2nd regression polynomial of body fat percentage to BMI in studentsFrequency

Figure 3: 3rd regression polynomial of body fat percentage to BMI in students

Figure 4: Evaluation chart of body fat percentage against BMI

Figure 5: T & F theory which was proposed by Tanaka and Fujii [19,20]

Figure 6: Tentative feedback system derived from applying to T & F theory

Item name
Measurements item
Method
Grip Strength
Muscle strength
A Smedley type dynamometer is gripped. The average of 2 measurements each for right and left is recorded.
Sit-ups
Muscle endurance / strength
The subject sets the arm in front of the chest. And it causes the upper body from a supine posture. Record the number of times that were carried out at 30 seconds.
Sit & Reach
Flexibility
The back is put against the wall in a sitting position, and the distance of forward flexion is measured.
Side Steps
Agility
The number of times the line is crossed in 20 seconds is recorded.
20m Shuttle Run
Whole-body endurance
The number or times completed with the given time are recorded.
Standing Long Jump
Muscle power
The distance jumped from a standing position is measured.
Table 1: The method of measuring physical fitness testsSubjects
Firefighters [n=97]
Students [n=1050]
mean
SD
mean
SD
Age (year)
21.28
2.18
18.25
0.61
Height (cm)
171.2
4.78
170.8
5.73
Weight (kg)
67.68
6.99
61.83
10.97
BMI (9kg/m2)
23.11
2.33
21.17
3.47
Body Fat (%)
13.70
4.03
17.89
5.74

Table 2: Statistics of physique in Students and Firefighters

Group
Students
Firefighters
n
%
n
%
Lean
Underdeveloped fat
24
2.3%
1
1.0%
Lean
Standard fat
306
29.1%
0
0.0%
Lean
Excessive developed fat
23
2.2%
0
0.0%
Average
Underdeveloped fat
42
4.0%
48
49.5%
Average
Standard fat
362
34.5%
2
2.1%
Average
Excessive developed fat
49
4.7%
0
0.0%
Obese
Underdeveloped fat
46
4.4%
46
47.4%
  Obese
Standard fat
145
13.8%
0
0.0%
Obese
Excessive developed fat
53
5.0%
0
0.0%

Table 3: Frequency distribution of Students and Firefighters 

Firefighters [n=97]
Students [n = 1050]

 

t                       p
mean
SD
mean
SD
Grip Strength
46.64
6.39
41.23
7.70
7.837*
0.00
Sit-ups
37.16
5.24
29.35
56.85
12.681*
0.00
Side Step
59.18
4.39
56.23
7.12
5.929*
0.00
Sit & Reach
54.92
8.25
49.50
11.16
5.974*
0.00
Standing Long Jump
233.23
15.66
223.71
24.78
5.396*
0.00
20m Shuttle Run
97.87
15.54
74.05
20.58
14.000*
0.00

Table 4: The results of the t-test of physical fitness items

Firefighters [n=97]
Students [n = 1050]

 

t                       p
mean
SD
mean
SD
Grip Strength
46.78
6.37
46.28
6.79
0.507
0.613
Sit-ups
37.24
5.22
30.01
6.13
8.586*
0.000
Side Step
59.12
4.35
57.38
8.23
1.768*
0.079
Sit & Reach
55.10
8.29
51.75
11.31
2.266*
0.025
Standing Long Jump
233.20
15.88
225.81
26.59
2.259*
0.025
20m Shuttle Run
97.14
15.05
76.31
22.72
7.241*
0.000

Table 5: Comparison of physical fitness of Firefighters and Students by the same group