Figure 1: The renewable cycle

Figure 2: Global prospects of wind energy utilisation by 2003-2010

Figure 3: Prospect turbines share for 2003-2010

Figure 4: Average windfarm capacity 2003-2010

Figure 5: Link between resources and productivity

Figure 6: Energy impact of ventilation

Figure 7: Common types of ground-loop heat exchangers [8]

Figure 8: Schematic of GSHP system (heating mode operation)

Figure 9: GSHPs extract solar heat stored in the upper layers of the earth

Continent

Africa

Asia

Australia  and Oceania

Europe

North & Central America

South America

Gross theoretical hydropower potential
(GWhy-1)

4x106

19.4x106

59.4x106

3.2x106

6x106

6.2x106

Technically feasible hydropower potential
(GWhy-1)

1.75x106

6.8x106

2x106

106

1.66x106

2.7x106

Economically feasible hydropower potential
(GWhy-1)

1.1x105

3.6x106

90x104

79x104

106

1.6x106

Installed hydro capacity (MW)

21x103

24.5x104

13.3x104

17.7x104

15.8x104

11.4x104

Production by hydro plants in 2002 or average (GWhy-1)

83.4x103

80x104

43x103

568x103

694x103

55x104

Hydro capacity under construction (MW)

> 3024

>72.7x103

>177

>23x102

58x102

>17x103

Planned hydro capacity (MW)

77.5x103

>17.5x104

>647

>103

>15x103

>59x103

Table 1: World hydro potential and development [15]

Technological criteria

Energy and environment criteria

Social and economic criteria

Primary energy saving in regional scale

Sustainability according to greenhouse gas pollutant emissions

Labour impact

Technical maturity,  and reliability

Sustainable according to other pollutant emissions

Market maturity

Consistence of installation and maintenance requirements with local technical known-how

Land requirement

Compatibility with political, legislative and administrative situation

Continuity and predictability of performance

Sustainability according to other environmental impacts

Cost of saved primary energy

Table 2: Energy and sustainable environment [21]

Criteria

Intra-system impacts

Extra-system impacts

Stakeholder satisfaction

Standard expectations met
Relative importance of standard expectations

Covered by attending to extra-system resource base and ecosystem impacts

Resource base impacts

Change in intra-system resource bases
Significance of change

Resource flow into/out of facility system
Unit impact exerted by flow on source/sink system
Significance of unit impact

Ecosystem impacts

Change in intra-system ecosystems
Significance of change

Resource flows into/out of facility system
Unit impact exerted by how on source/sink system
Significance of unit impact

Table 3: Classification of key variables defining facility sustainability [18]

Economic system

Social system

Environmental system

Durability

Preservation of cultural values

Preservation of resources

Meeting changing needs of economic development

Meeting changing needs of individuals and society

Reuse, recycling and preservation of resources

Energy conservation and saving

Savings directed to meet other social needs

Preservation of resources, reduction of pollution and global warming

Table 4: Positive impact of durability, adaptability and energy conservation on economic, social and environment systems [18]

Economy-wide decoupling indicators

1.   Greenhouse gas emissions
2.   Air pollution
3.   Water pollution (river water quality)
4.   Commercial and industrial waste arisings and household waste not cycled

Resource use indicators

5.   Material use
6.   Water abstraction
7.   Homes built on land not previously developed, and number of households

Decoupling indicators for specific sectors

8.   Emissions from electricity generation
9.   Motor vehicle kilometres and related emissions
10.Agricultural output, fertiliser use, methane emissions and farmland bird populations
11. Manufacturing output, energy consumption and related emissions
12. Household consumption, expenditure energy, water consumption and waste generated

Table 5: The basket of indicators for sustainable consumption and production

Country

1990

1999

Change 1990-99

Reduction target

Austria

76.9

79.2

2.6%

-13%

Belgium

136.7

140.4

2.8%

-7.5%

Denmark

70.0

73.0

4.0%

-21.0%

Finland

77.1

76.2

-1.1%

0.0%

France

545.7

544.5

-0.2%

0.0%

Germany

1206.5

982.4

-18.7%

-21.0%

Greece

105.3

123.2

16.9%

25.0%

Ireland

53.5

65.3

22.1%

13.0%

Italy

518.3

541.1

4.4%

-6.5%

Luxembourg

10.8

6.1

-43.3%

-28.0%

Netherlands

215.8

230.1

6.1%

-6.0%

Portugal

64.6

79.3

22.4%

27.0%

Spain

305.8

380.2

23.2%

15.0%

Sweden

69.5

70.7

1.5%

4.0%

United Kingdom

741.9

637.9

-14.4%

-12.5%

Total EU-15

4199

4030

-4.0%

-8.0%

Table 6: West European states GHG emissions [26]