References

Disease

Patient

Control

Method

Potential biomarkers

Synopsis of result

Up-regulated

Down-regulated

Huan, et al. 2018

MCI,
AD

35

42

LC-MS

Methylguanosine, Histidinyl-Phenylalanine, Choline-cytidine, Glucosylgalactosyl Hydroxylysine, Glutamine-carnitines

 

Higher metabolites level may distinguish AD from CN and MCI with good diagnostic ability

Carro et al,
2017

AD,
MCI

80
59

91

MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS

 

Lactoferrin

Lower lactoferrin may detect patients with very early stages of MCI and AD

Yilmaz, et al. 2017

MCI,
AD,
HC

8
9

12

NMR

Imidazole, Acetone, Creatine,  5-Aminopentanoate, Propionate, and Acetone

Galactose,

Altered metabolites may predict early AD and MCI

Figueira, et al. 2016

Dementia

49

94

NMR

Histamine, Propionate, Acetic Acid

Glycerol, Succinate, Taurine, Dimethyl sulfone

Impairment in taurine/ hypotaurine pathway, pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis, and TCA cycle and suggested saliva metabolome may predict dementia in early stages

Kang, et al. 2016

PD

201

67

GFC and Western blot

Oligomeric α-Synuclein

 

A higher level of α-Synuclein may serve as a potential biomarker for PD

Liang, et al. 2015

AD

256

218

FUPLC and MS

Alfa-Amyloid Protein, Sphinganine- 1-phosphate,  Ornithine, Phenyllactic acid

I3DCH

Alterations in these metabolites may detect early stages of AD

Martin, et al. 2015

Multiple sclerosis

29

29

spectrophotometry

Thiobarbituric acid

 

A higher level of thiobarbituric acid which is the oxidative stress marker may predict the disease severity of MS patients

Kang, et al. 2014

PD

285

91

quantitative and sensitive Luminex assay

Dj1

 

Higher DJ-1 protein may serve as a potential biomarker for PD

Tsuruoka, et al. 2013

 

Dementia

10

9

CE-TOF-MS

 

Arginine and Tyrosine

Impairment in  redox stress, inflammatory process, regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and modulation of glucose metabolism may be helpful in understanding the pathology of dementia

Zheng, et al.
2012

MCI

20

20

LC-MS

 

Taurine

Perturbation in taurine and hypo taurine pathways

Devic, et al. 2011

PD

24

25

Immunoblotting

Dj1

α -Synuclein

Identified α-Syn and DJ1 may predict PD. Association of α-Syn pathology with the dry mouth of PD patients

Pareja, et al. 2010

AD

70 AD
51 PD

56

ELISA

Aβ 42

 

A higher level of Aβ 42 may detect AD at an early stage

Table 1: Salivary biomarkers identified for neurodegenerative diseases